Science

The India Today’s OSINT team talks to Nasa’s citizen scientist as well as the space enthusiast Scott Tilley, who is working on his own orbital data of Chandrayaan-3 to compare to the data provided by Isro similar to the ‘watchdog astronomy’.

In Brief

Scott Tilley has been keeping an archive of mission-related data

TLE is an interesting data set frequently used for satellite orbit visualizations

Isro is working with Nasa as well as the European Space Agency (ESA)

Dipti Yadav thought about how it’s to follow space satellites. Or remember the times you pondered the use of the Doppler effect in high school and then forgot about it?

We are here in a compelling story about how space lovers all over the globe are following India’s Chandrayaan-3.

The spacecraft is ready to undergo Translunar Injection on August 1 just a few days after the last Earth-bound operation that took place on July 25.

The rover and the lander will likely touch down on the lunar surface on August 23. The motor module (launch vehicle) will remain in the moon’s orbit in order to serve as a relay satellite to communicate and relay lunar surface information onto Earth.

On the 20th of July, as Chandrayaan-3 (CH3) was able to successfully complete its fourth orbit maneuver German-based amateur radio satellite organization AMSAT-DL monitored the spacecraft with Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Horizons tracker data.

What is NASA’s CITIZEN SCIENTIST TRACKING the CHANDRAYAAN-3 RANGE?

Scott Tilley, who prefers calling himself an amateur astronomer is keeping the mission’s data archives of the collected data from the TLE (Two-Line Element) information from CH3 in his GitHub for each of us to examine the orbital position variations that the satellite.

There is also his own WordPress page that is dedicated to tracking satellites that are mysterious.

Also Read: Isro PSLV-C56 launches on Sunday: What exactly will India communicate to space at this moment?

In 2018, StarLink’s ZUMA satellite attracted his attention as he was tracking ZUMA with Doppler shift information and a Doppler shift, he came across another object that was in a greater orbital altitude than ZUMA. After further investigation it was discovered to be Nasa’s prior space mission, dubbed the IMAGE mission, which had fallen out of contact with its launch station. It was a eureka moment, indeed. the scientist emailed someone of Nasa scientists, which later earned him the status of “citizen scientist”.

The Doppler effect can be described as an obvious shift in the frequency of the satellite’s radio transmitter whenever it comes close, crosses by, or leaves. This aids in the calculation of the distance between a satellite broadcasting in space, as well as a radio receiver located on the ground.

In order to determine the current location for Chandrayaan-3, Scott employs Doppler frequency shift data and shows it as a graph relative to the time to produce the Doppler curve.

When asked about what Nasa’s JPL contributes to the mooncraft tracking of Isro and mooncraft track monitoring, he said “In the situation of Chandrayaan-3 the data from pre-launch that was used to describe the whole mission was supplied the JPL Horizons by Isro. It turned out that the data might not be completely precise, which is not uncommon since things may change once sharing the information. After the second apogee-raising fire, the details shared on JPL Horizons changed, improving the precision of previous missions and missing the burn that was to come, despite the fact that the data was projecting past the actual incident. Most likely, it was a simple error of someone.”

Concerning the degree of accuracy of his method, he explained “My methods aren’t any more precise. They’re precise enough to give a fair conclusion about the course of a spacecraft like Chandrayaan-3. If I were to say that a fire didn’t take place or occur in a way contrary to the way they described it I’d likely to notice quickly and may make statements which were previously true about the events.”

How are OTHER SPACE Enthusiasts Tracking CHANDRAYAAN-3?

TLE is an intriguing data source, frequently used for satellite orbit visualizations, using 3D geospatial platforms such as Cesium. It’s a type of data that contains vital data about satellites and provides the latest information about their orbital location. CelesTrak can be considered an excellent resource for obtaining TLE information from artificial satellites.

As part of a plan to create a space portal alertness, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology has added Chandrayaan-3’s data from the TLE to allow the public to easily track its orbital positions without any effort. Although, as of now this data has been input manually to the website.

In addition, various technology such as SDR (Software Defined Radio) and various types of antennas can be used for capturing telemetry data from satellites that are hovering in the sky. These data could contain valuable information based on the type of satellite. Telemetry is the totality of data the satellite sends to the ground station.

In some cases, if there’s an internal camera on spacecraft, the refining of signals gathered by an antenna using various software (e.g. WXtoImg, a program for decoding meteorological satellite telemetry) will result in an array of data captured by satellites during its celestial round.

THIS. IS. JUST. AWESOME. !! 

This video was decoded using the high-speed downlink of 8455MHz that the @uhf_satcom team received last night. The hard work put into the decoder as well as data analysis paid off at the end!

The amount of processing software needed will depend on the degree of precision of the information. The refining process generated by satellites that capture high-resolution images, for example, can be more difficult than a simpler satellite data set.

Amateur cosmic enthusiasts typically kick off their journey of tracking by analyzing the telemetry from weather satellites or radio amateur satellites (also named OSCARs) by using an antenna made from wood and an incredibly cheap SDR.

Many are eagerly awaiting to look at the images gallery in Chandrayaan-3’s service module the moment they are released by Isro.

THE MONITORING OF SATELLITES AND DECODING INFORMATION

It is the NORAD ID (also called SATCAT, or the satellite catalog number) utilized to trace the movement of spacecraft comprises five digits that are associated with both – the satellite that is the mother along with a launch rocket.

In this particular case the Chandrayaan-3 vehicle and its propulsion vehicle, LVM-3, are the numbers assigned to them chronologically with 57321 and 57320, respectively.

In contrast, the COSPAR ID (also known as International Designator) is an international identification code that is assigned to celestial objects. It begins with the year of launch and then three numbers that identify the date of launch for that year and the name of the launch object.

Source: https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/how-space-enthusiasts-around-the-world-are-tracking-chandrayaan-3-2412529-2023-07-27

The tech giant Apple is getting ready to offer their own credit card for India. Apple’s iPhone manufacturer’s chief executive (CEO) Tim Cook recently had a meeting with HDFC Bank CEO and managing director Sashidhar Jagdishan during his recent visit to India on April 1, Moneycontrol reported.

According to the report, Apple is having talks with the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) in order to introduce “Apple Pay for India. It’s unclear if these talks were related to the credit vehicle being powered with the Rupay platform, or to the unification of the Payments Interface (UPI). The Rupay credit card is connected to UPI also.

In India the country, banks are the only ones who are able to launch credit cards, while UPI allows consumers to perform quick and easy payments by scanning QR codes using mobile phones. As per Moneycontrol’s Moneycontrol publication, Apple has held talks with the Reserve Bank of India over how to use credit cards. The RBI reportedly asked Apple to adhere to the standard procedures that are used to co-brand credit cards.

According to news reports, Apple is set to unveil its own credit card in partnership with HDFC Bank in India. Discussions are still in the initial phases. As of now, the technology titan operates a premium credit card within the United States, made of titanium. It was launched in collaboration with Mastercard as well as Goldman Sachs.

What is the reason Apple investing in India?

Over the last few decades, Apple is focusing its attention on India. According to an article, it is believed that the iPhone maker’s revenue in India reached around 50 million in the fiscal period 2022-23.

Recently, Tim Cook during his trip to India has launched two stores that are exclusive to Mumbai as well as Delhi. Apple has moved a large amount of iPhone production to India. The country has a four-per percent share of the mobile market share in India and that’s about 2 crore people.

Are you ready to step back?

In the past the only banks that can issue credit cards to clients. For India, Apple cannot introduce cards with their logo or customer’s name printed at the top. In the US there are brands that are associated with Goldman Sachs and Mastercard that appear on the Apple card. The tech giant can’t use these brands in India.

The previous year last year, the RBI stated that banks’ partners cannot keep transaction or customer data. Apple platforms are unable to store information about the card.

Advantages of Apple Card

In terms of benefits The Apple card can be linked to Apple Pay and any reward will be transferred into your Apple wallet. The card doesn’t have any annual charges. In the United States, the company lets its customers purchase products in installments, free of charge.

In addition to the 3-5 percent cashback for purchases of Apple services and products, Apple could also partner with premium brands and offer up to 3% cashback, as well as reward points.

The Central government is charting out a plan to ramp up nuclear power production in a bid to increase renewable energy production and meet climate change goals. The government may include incentives for private players to set up nuclear power plants under the public-private partnership mode.

The policymakers’ focus is to augment the use of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), which that are smaller and cost less.

SMRs are advanced nuclear reactors that have a power capacity of up to 300 MW(e) per unit, which is about one-third of a conventional nuclear power reactor.

The government of India’s policy think tank Niti Aayog is expected to start stakeholder consultants and invite private companies to set up SMRs, an Economic Times report added.

In a written reply to a question in the Lok Sabha last week, Union Minister of State for Science and Technology and Earth Sciences Jitendra Singh said in addition to the 11 nuclear reactors – with a capacity of 8700 MW – under construction, the government has accorded administrative approval and financial sanction for construction of 10 indigenous 700 MW pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs) to be set up in fleet mode.

The government has also accorded in-principle approval for five new sites for setting up nuclear power plants in the future, according to a statement from the department of atomic energy.
Currently, India produces 6,780 MW with 22 nuclear reactors, and the production is expected to reach 22,480 MW by 2031 with the addition of those under construction.

The Atomic Energy Act, of 1962 allows private companies to take part in nuclear energy projects as junior equity holders through the supply of components, equipment, and works contracts.

India aims to reduce carbon emissions by hand half or one billion tonnes by 2030 and become net zero by 2030—goals that require swift replacing fossil-fuel-based energy production with that from renewable energy sources.

Union Minister Dr. Singh earlier said India is in the fourth position globally after China, the EU, and the US in installed Renewable Energy capacity, and is taking steps to develop Small Modular Reactors (SMR) for a clean energy transition.

While addressing a workshop on SMR, organized by NITI Aayog and the Department of Atomic Energy last month, Singh said the participation of the private sector, including startups, needs to be explored for the development of this critical technology within India. He added that technology sharing and funds are the two crucial links for ensuring the commercial availability of SMR technology.

The primary intention behind the tornado cash crackdown by the Treasury Department was to stop criminals. But due to this action, a number of ordinary crypto investors with genuine intentions are now at risk.

According to Ari Redbord, head of legal and government affairs at research firm TRM Labs, when it comes to Tornado Cash, every person in the US need to be very careful while making transactions. In an interview, he said intent does not matter, as sanctions are strict liability.

Suppose anyone pays to buy something using their crypto wallet. In that case, the transfer recipient receives access to the public crypto wallet of purchases and allows it to see account details as well as payment history. Some individuals used tornado cash as they found this way legitimate to protect their privacy in this emerging crypto market.

A crypto mixing service like tornado cash hides all these details related to crypto wallets by anonymizing the funds and putting a mask on the buyer’s identity.

Tom Robinson, a chief scientist at Elliptic, a blockchain analytics firm, said that even if an individual using a crypto wallet is not doing anything which led their act to be considered illegal, there has to be a way that will help to hide their tracks.

On Thursday, in blacklisting tornado cash, the Treasury Department stated that the objective behind taking this step is to block criminals who previously used this service to legalize virtual currency worth more than US$7 billion since the service launched in 2019.

Experts told CNBC that these sanctions by the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) aimed to put a halt on a state like North Korea from translating their illegal crypto funds into traditional common currencies to buy more weapons intending to increase its stocks. For investors, the consequences of these sanctions are going to be very harsh.

Peter Van Valkenburgh, director of research at Coin Center, a non-profit cryptocurrency think-tank, said that in previous times, OFAC has placed the cryptocurrency wallet while addressing its “Specially Designated Nationals list.” At this point, the Treasury Department is aiming to address a smart contract allowing consumers to maintain their personal privacy.

According to Van Valkenburgh, the Treasury Department is not just targeting a specific individual who is considered a member of an enemy state or a terrorist, but it is targeting a kind of software that works on a peer-to-peer network on the internet which is fundamentally different.

Van Valkenburgh said that when it comes to financial controls, OFAC is considered a prime option. It is generally used to recognize “a leader in an enemy state or a supporter of terrorism.”

As per Jake Chervinsky, head of policy at the Blockchain Association, this step by the OFAC will be marked as a further step from its basic standards for the US Treasury, which for years, has made wise decisions on distinguishing bad actors from neutral tools and the technology that they can use.

Elliptic also mentions that there is a gap between its own calculations and the Treasury’s data. According to its calculations, minimum proceeds of US$1.5 billion is from crimes, including hacks, frauds, and ransomware. These crimes have been laundered by using the tornado cash service. It also says that the amount of US$7 billion from the government indicates the overall value of crypto assets that have been transferred using tornado cash.

According to Dune, a crypto data aggregator, the negative impact of these sanctions is already apparent. Circle, the company behind the US dollar-pegged stablecoin USDC, has fixed at around $75,000 in USDC, which was associated with tornado.

As per the latest ground rules from Treasury, Crypto exchange Coinbase also has to stop its customers from making transactions through tornado cash.

According to Redbord, customers who use cryptocurrencies will ultimately find an option to protect their personal details. At the same time, these sanctions will likely have an impact on every US citizen who is doing transactions in a legal way, and they have to find other ways now.

But, the major concern in looking for another mixing service for crypto users is that no other service comes with the scale of tornado cash, which makes it more challenging to ensure their personal data is protected.

In response to the region’s struggles with limited gas supplies, high costs, and competition from gas-starved European customers, major natural gas producer Australia said it may reduce its exports of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG).

Australia attempted to reduce its international sales in order to increase domestic consumption in anticipation of a predicted shortage of local supplies in 2019.

As energy protectionism gains ground throughout the world, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission this week urged Canberra to safeguard local gas supply and limit LNG exports after estimating that the country’s east coast may run out of gas by 56 petajoules (1 petajoule = 278 million kilowatt hours of electricity) in 2019.

The Asia-Pacific region has been contending with rivalry for fuel from European consumers wanting to replace Russian gas that is subject to obvious restrictions.

These European nations have outbid some less developed Asian nations in the race for LNG to ease a pipeline gas scarcity before the upcoming winter season.

Gina Cass-Gottlieb, chair of the ACCC, stated last week that “we are proposing the Resources Minister launch the first phase of the Australian Domestic Gas Security Mechanism (ADGSM) to preserve energy security on the east coast.”

“We also highly advise LNG exporters to start supplying more to the [local] industry right away.”

The majority of the gas utilized on Australia’s east coast is generated by businesses that also export LNG to the Asia-Pacific region and other nations as well. In the event that there is a domestic shortage, the ADGSM prevents certain producers from exporting LNG.

While the overwhelming of LNG sales to international clients are under long-term contracts, Australian LNG manufacturers also offer spot sales revenue on an ad-hoc basis and non-contracted LNG. Countries are forced to buy through the spot market if they are not able to negotiate lucrative long-term contracts.

The ACCC advises producers to reserve this supply for local customers rather than selling it on the international market, which is now flooded with gas-starved purchasers.

Although the ACCC had issued a warning, the Australian Petroleum Production & Exploration Association, a lobbying organization for the gas sector, claimed that there would be more than enough gas for the upcoming year and that there has never been a shortage to calm the markets.

“There has undoubtedly always been an excess of gas entering the domestic market throughout the lifespan of the export industry. So, we were successful in achieving both. We reject the notion that there is a choice between the two, acting CEO Damian Dwyer said on Tuesday’s episode of “Squawk Box Asia” on CNBC.”

“The export industry has received a lot of investment. Additionally, such investments have significantly increased domestic supply. The two are in tandem.”

However, analysts claim that if the mechanism is well used, additional supply and cost constraints will be felt by the region’s largest consumers, such as Japan and South Korea, as well as LNG importers who are just getting started, like the Philippines.

In accordance with the Platts JKM pricing index, the price of LNG has increased by almost 80% since the beginning of the conflict in Ukraine in late February.

Since April, there have been “no tender transactions from the 3 major LNG export services on Australia’s east coast, showing that some exports were declining,” according to Kenneth Foo, regional manager for S&P Global Industry Intelligence APAC LNG pricing.

As a result, the supply of LNG in the Asia-Pacific region could become even more constrained, especially as Q4’ peak winter demand time approaches, according to Foo.

According to Sam Reynolds, an expert at the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis, developing Asian nations like Bangladesh and Pakistan were forced to abandon their plans to purchase LNG on the spot market.

“These countries’ inability to obtain LNG volumes has resulted in fuel shortages and outages, bringing them to the verge of economic collapse,” he said.

The Philippines, new to the import industry, will face difficult conditions when it attempts to acquire its first supply of LNG, he continues.

New ports and LNG-fired power plants could become idle and stranded if LNG cannot be purchased at reasonable prices, he warned.

According to Reynolds, these hiccups might jeopardize the Philippines’ efforts to strengthen its LNG industry, which has already had years’ worth of obstacles.

Although nations without long-term agreements, like the Philippines, may suffer, the LNG supply in the region is largely secure.

The National Grid stated that the UK may face “very high” prices due to shortages of electricity this winter. However, the lights will continue to shine.

According to the ESO, the operator of the electrical energy system in the energy community (Energy Community Operator) said that it is expected to provide to be tight at times this winter, most likely within December’s first half.

The ESO reported that the UK will have to pay higher prices to ensure it gets the electricity from abroad if this happens.

The UK imports electricity through cables that are connected to various international locations, notably France, Belgium, and the Netherlands.

The ESO stated that there are “risks and uncertainties in this winter due to possible shortfalls of Europe’s gas supply.” “Although Britain isn’t as dependent on Russian gas as the rest of Europe, it is evident that the cessation or reduction of the flow of gas into Europe could have a number of impacts, including very high price.”

It stated that France’s nuclear reactors may not be available this winter due to ongoing maintenance points. According to the ESO, it worked with the federal government in order to delay the closing of 5 coal-fired power stations. This is because they could be used to provide power for this winter.

The firm may be “exploring possibilities” to encourage power customers to reduce their usage during peak times. It stated that “We expect there will be sufficient available capacity for demand.”

Jess Ralston is a senior analyst with the Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit. She stated that while we may be able to get through winter without major incidents, the gas bill at the conclusion will likely prove too costly.

The federal government will be cursing itself for not investing more in power efficiency over the years, as it requires that the PS15bn winter power package be expanded.

“The high price of gas will add PS2,000 to your bills starting October. But this could increase as Putin has already reduced the flow to Germany. This evaluation shows Russia’s resolution reduces the flow of its gasoline to Europe by only 20%. This has pushed up wholesale prices.

This could make matters worse if the supplies are completely shut off. The UK imports less than 5% of its gasoline from Russia. However, the UK has promised to cut imports by the tip.

Experts predict that family power payments will increase from PS1,971 per year to PS3,420 in autumn. This is a much faster rate than the January PS3,850. According to the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, the report shows that the UK has “secure and varied energy supplies” which will allow households, businesses, and industry to be assured they can obtain the electricity and gas they require. It stated that Britain is fortunate to have access to its own North Sea gas resources, as well as imports from reliable partners such as Norway, which has the second largest LNG port infrastructure in Europe. This gas supply is also supported by strong legal contracts.

“Thanks to the massive PS90bn investment made in clean energy over the past decade, we now have one of most reliable and diverse energy systems around the world. And unlike Europe, we are not dependent upon Russian energy imports.”

Energy Saving Trust has some tips to help you save lots of energy

• Don’t overfill the kettle

• Insulate your water tank and pipes

• Only turn on your dishwasher when it is full

• Switch to bathe in your bathtub

• You will spend less time in the bathe

• Avoid the tumble dryer

• As an alternative to higher temperatures, you can use your washer on a 30-degree setting. This will reduce usage.

• Turn off the lights

• Draught-proof doors and windows for your home

• Your home equipment should be turned off.

There are certain rules to which everything must adhere in the Universe. Any two quanta can interact and energy, momentum, angular momentum, and momentum are conserved. The physics in any system of particles moving forwards in time is similar to that of the physics of the same system reflecting in a mirror with particles exchanged in for antiparticles. There is an absolute limit to the speed of any object. Nothing can ever go faster than the speed light, and nothing that has mass can ever reach that speed.

However, there is a way around the light’s speed. Enter any medium other than a perfect void. Here are the details.

Remember that light, as an electromagnetic wave, is something you must keep in mind. Although it behaves like a particle, it’s much more valuable to consider it an electromagnetic wave. There is nothing that can stop it from traveling through the vacuum of space at the amplitude it would naturally choose. These fields are defined by the wave’s energy, frequency, and wavelength.

Ethan Siegel is an astrophysicist who will help you explore the Universe. The newsletter will be delivered every Saturday to subscribers. All aboard!

If the frequency is constant, it means that the wavelength must change. And since wavelength multiplied by frequency equals speed (frequency multiplied by wavelength), that means that the speed of light must also change as the medium in which you are propagating must change.

The refraction caused by light passing through a prism is a spectacular example of this phenomenon. White light is made up of light that has a constant, broad spectrum of wavelengths. While longer wavelengths like red light have lower frequencies, shorter wavelengths like blue light have higher frequencies. In a vacuum, all wavelengths travel at equal speed. The frequency multiplied times the wavelength equals light speed. The more energetic wavelengths have greater electric and magnetic field strength than the ones with less energy.

The different wavelengths of light react slightly to each other when it is passed through a dispersive media like a prism. The more energy your electric and magnetic field has, the more the light experiences from passing through the medium. While all light is the same frequency, higher-energy light has a shorter wavelength.

Because light travels slower through mediums than vacuums, redder light moves faster than blue light. This results in many optical phenomena like rainbows. The sun’s light breaks down into different wavelengths through water droplets and drops.

Light, regardless of frequency or wavelength, has to travel at one speed in the vacuum. This is the speed that light travels in a vacuum. This is also the speed at which pure radiation (such as gravitational radio) must travel. It also represents the speed at which any massless particle, according to the laws of relativity.

Most particles in the Universe have masses, and they need to follow slightly different rules. Although the speed of light is the ultimate speed limit for mass particles, it is not something you are compelled or able to reach.

Your massive particle will move faster if it has more energy than it needs. However, it must travel slower. The Large Hadron Collider’s most energetic particles, protons, can travel at a speed that is almost equal to light speed in a vacuum. It can travel 299,792,455 meters per second or 99.999999% faster than light.

However, it doesn’t matter how much energy you pump into the particles, only more 9s can be added to the right side of the decimal place. We will never be able to reach the light’s speed limit.

But what occurs if we travel through a medium rather than a vacuum? It turns out that when light travels through a medium its magnetic and electric fields feel the effects. This causes light to travel faster when it enters a medium. When light enters or exits one medium or changes from one medium to the next, it appears as if it is bending. Although light propagates unrestricted in a vacuum, its speed of propagation and wavelength is greatly affected by the properties it passes through.
However, particles suffer a different fate. The behavior of high-energy particles that are traveling through vacuums suddenly becomes entangled in a medium will be very different from that of light.

It will not experience an immediate shift in momentum or energy. First, the electric and magnet forces acting upon it — which can change its momentum over the course of time — are negligible when compared to how much momentum it already has. Instead of bending immediately, as light seems to do, the trajectory changes it experiences can only be made gradually. Particles continue moving in the same way as before they enter a medium.

Second, collisions with other particles are one of the most significant events that can alter a particle’s trajectory in a medium. These scattering events play a vital role in particle physics experiments. The products of collisions allow us to reconstruct the event that took place at the collision point.

However, the most striking fact is that particles moving slower than light inside a vacuum but faster in the medium they enter are actually breaking the speed limits of light. This is the only physical way particles can surpass the speed of light. They cannot exceed the speed of light in a vacuum but they can in a medium. When they do, something amazing happens: Cherenkov radiation is emitted.

Named after Pavel Cherenkov who discovered it, it is one of those physics phenomena that was first noticed experimentally and was never predicted. Cherenkov was examining radioactive samples that had already been prepared. Some of these samples were kept in water. Cherenkov was studying luminescence (where gamma radiations would excite these substances, which would then emit visible lights when de-excited), and the radioactive samples seemed to emit a faint blueish-hued light. This light led him to quickly conclude that it had a preferred direction. This was not a fluorescent phenomenon. It was something entirely different.

Cherenkov radiation is the blue glow seen today in water tanks around nuclear reactors.

Where is this radiation coming from?

If a fast particle is moving through a medium, it will usually be charged. The medium itself has both positive (atomic nuclei), as well as negative (electrons), charges. While the charged particle can collide with one other particle as it travels through the medium, chances are that the collision will be very unlikely. Atoms, which are mostly empty spaces, have a much lower chance of happening over short distances.

Instead, the particle acts on the medium in which it travels. The charged particle causes particles to polarize (where opposite charges attract and like charges repel) in response. The electrons that are being emitted light will return to their original state once the charged particle is gone. They emit blue light in a cone shape. The geometry of this cone is determined by the speed and speed of the light in the medium.

This is a very crucial property in particle Physics since it is this process that permits us to detect the mysterious neutrino. Neutrinos rarely interact directly with the matter. In such times, however, they only transfer their energy to another particle.

It is possible to create a large tank of pure liquid. This liquid doesn’t radioactively emit or decay. It is very resistant to cosmic rays, radioactivity, and other contaminants. We can also line the tank with photomultiplier tubes, tubes that detect one single photon and trigger an electronic cascade, allowing us to identify where, when, or in which way a photon originated.

With quite large the detectors can be used to determine the properties of each neutrino that interacts with a particle within these tanks. Cherenkov radiation, which is produced when light’s speed in the liquid is exceeded by the particle “kicked”, can be used to measure these properties.

Cherenkov’s radiation discovery and its understanding were revolutionary in numerous aspects. But it also had a terrifying application in the initial days of the laboratory particle physics experiments. Although a beam of energy particles has no optical signature as it moves through the air, it emits blue light if the medium it is passing through is faster than it travels in. To confirm that the beam was active, physicists would shut one eye and place their head in the path. This was not necessary, but radiation safety training has made it possible to stop the practice.

Despite all the progress in physics that has been made over the years, the only way to beat that speed is to find a medium that slows that light down. This is the only way speed of the light can be exceeded in a medium. If we do, this blue glow will provide a wealth of data about the interaction that caused it. The Cherenkov glow remains the best option until warp drive or other tachyons becomes a reality.

The greatest autonomous drone superhighway in the world will be located in the UK within the next two years.

Along the 164-mile Skyway, the drones will be utilized to connect towns and cities. It is a component of a PS273 million funding package for the aircraft sector that will be unveiled on Monday by Kwasi Kwarteng, the business secretary. Others include drones that transport medication throughout Scotland and mail to the Isles of Scilly. Mr. Kwarteng will make the announcement at the Farnborough International Airshow, the first such occasion since 2019. He stated that the money would “assist the sector in capturing the enormous development potential as the globe transitions towards cleaner forms of flight.”

Potential uses

Skyway, the director of drones at BT, told Dave Pankhurst of the BBC that scaling up the testing that has been taking place throughout the UK is the goal. One participant in the partnership is BT. Although drone technology has been around for a while, he claimed that it is still in its infancy as a practical use and component of society.

“This is about taking a huge step in that direction. It will create a huge number of opportunities.” By the middle of 2024, Skyway will link the airspace over Reading and Oxford to Milton Keynes, Cambridge, and Coventry. Additionally, it will get more than PS12m.

Projects involving “integrated aircraft systems and innovative technology,” which includes unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) like drones, will receive PS105.5 million in funding.

Drone deliveries of regular mail and medications to the Isles of Scilly are among these projects. Additionally, they want to deliver medicine all around Scotland. This would make it possible for certain cancer patients to obtain care in their own neighborhoods.

The NHS tested using drones to transport chemotherapy medications from Portsmouth to Isle of Wight.

According to Chris Forster, CEO of Altitude Angel, a business that develops aviation technology, there are a lot of possible applications for the superhighway.

He stated, “There is a real need to have access to that airspace, whether it’s a logistics company or a medical delivery of vaccines, blood samples, or pharmaceuticals.”

“In Africa, we have worked on some projects that needed access by ground vehicles. Vaccines were delivered by the robotic drones.”

Safety and acceptance

Drones are monitored in real-time along the route by ground-based sensors. After analysis, the information is used to direct the drones along their paths and prevent collisions. Drone crashes are more likely to occur during take-off and landing, according to Steve Wright, an associate professor of aerospace engineering at UWE Bristol. “It’s only the first and last piece of flying,” he remarked. ” What occurs when you are 10 feet away from people is the issue. This is the area that worries. Keep the drone away from people because “people are interested in descending packages from the air. Many people have designed flight plans to steer clear of densely populated places because they are very talented. 500 drones are needed by Royal Mail to deliver mail to the UK’s farthest regions.

According to Pankhurst, the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) and the project were collaborating to ensure safety. He claimed that facts support the activity of the organization. Safety is the first priority in this field. But it’s crucial that the regulator approve such deals.

“The CAA is involved in all of these new aviation programs. It is a component of each of these actions, confirming their progress and ensuring their safety. He claims that studies have shown that individuals are more likely to use drones if they are aware of the critical function they perform.

According to Simon Jude, a senior lecturer at Cranfield University, if more people were aware of the function of UAVs, their attitudes and knowledge might change. If the noise is for emergency medical aid, you’ll probably be more accepting of it.

What happens if you buy several UAVs or use them on a farm where many drones can be recording data simultaneously?

“The tranquil rural location where I reside is where I live. If I were in a large city or an area with a lot of noise, it could upset me more.

Every second, 100 trillion tiny particles called “neutrinos” pass through your skin. Nearly all of these particles can penetrate your skin without interfering. These particles are extremely difficult to detect by physicists due to their shyness.

A Russian experiment was conducted deep below the Caucasus Mountains. Physicists found additional evidence, which was published on June 9, in two papers. They also discovered that some of the current theories of neutrinos are out of date. If the experiment is correct, it could reveal a rare type of neutrino which could fly further under the radar. This could explain why, the dark matter that forms most of the universe, is not visible to us.

“It is probably, in my opinion, one of most important results neutrino physics has seen, at least in recent five years,” stated Ben Jones (a neutrino physicist at Texas at Arlington), who was not involved in this experiment.

The case involving the misbehaving neutrinos

Neutrinos, like other creatures from an extraterrestrial plane, react to their physical surroundings very sparingly. They don’t exhibit electromagnetism due to their zero electric charge. They also do not participate in strong nuclear interactions, which help bind particles together at the heart of atoms.

However, neutrinos can play a role in weak nuclear forces. According to the Standard Model (the theoretical framework that provides the foundation for modern particle Physics), certain radioactivity types are caused by the weaker nuclear force

The majority of neutrinos seen on Earth were created by radioactive reactions in the sun. Scientists use neutrino observatories either under the sea or buried below the planet’s surface to watch these. It is difficult to check if neutrino detectors function properly so physicists calibrate their equipment by placing certain radioactive elements (such as chromium-51) near the planet’s crust.

Researchers began to notice an oddity as neutrino theory gained momentum in the 1990s. They found that there were fewer neutrinos in some experiments when they calibrated the detectors. This was contrary to theoretical particle Physics.

In 1997 at Los Alamos National Labs in New Mexico scientists from Russia and the USA set up a tank that contained gallium. Gallium is a metal that melts on a hot summer day. The elements’ atoms absorb the neutrinos as they strike gallium. This transformed gallium to germanium, which is a kind of reversed radioactive decay. To determine the number of neutrinos that had passed through the tank’s germanium, physicists measured it.

Los Alamos found too many galliums and too few neutrinos in their system when they tested it using chromium-51. This defect was called the “gallium anomaly”.

Experts have been studying the gallium anomaly since then and have come up with a tentative explanation. Particle physicists have discovered that neutrinos can be classified into three flavors: electron neutrinos (muon neutrinos), and tau neutrinos (tau neutrinos), each of which plays a different role in the dance of the quantum world. It is possible for neutrinos to switch between flavors under certain conditions. These shifts are known as “neutrino oscillations”.

This led to an interesting possibility: neutrinos could have been missing from the gallium anomaly due to their jumping into another hidden flavor that is even less reactive to physical reality. The category was named by physicists: sterile neutrinos.

Although the sterile neutrino story was a concept, it gained support. Around the same period, physicists from Los Alamos as well as the Fermilab in suburb Chicago began to observe neutrino oscillations. They found discrepancies between the expected number of neutrinos for each flavor and what actually happened.

Based on new data, the Large Hadron Collider experiment published updated results. The expectations were very close to reality, according to analyses. These types of irregular movements are due to random fluctuations of data. These irregularities are indicative that there is more to be done once the new stream has been created. Here are some examples of the recent compact-muon solenoid collaboration.

Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) reported a stunning collision with four-particle aircraft at the end of 2017. Each jet had an invariant mass of 8 TeV. It was possible to split the jets into two groups with a mass of 1.9 TeV. By colliding with proton beams, a new particle could be created with a mass of 8 TeV. This new particle would then decompose into a pair of 1.9 TeV masses. Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) has published a revised analysis. It seeks twin pairs with identical mass invariant masses. This analysis is based on data from LHC Run 2. Surprisingly another event with striking properties was also found, with 4-jet masses of 8.6 TeV and 2.15 TeV. Below is a plot of these events. It plots 4-jet events as a function of 2-jet and 4-jet mass.

While strong interactions between colliding photons most likely cause two-pair events, it’s rare to observe events that have high invariant masses. This means that 1 in 20 000 people will see these events without any new phenomena. This corresponds with a local significance of 3.9s. Although it may seem intense, this signal is essential to be considered global. It is indicative of the possibility of seeing excesses in any given region. The events have a global significance of 1.6

Two other searches found new heavy particles. They found small excesses in the data. High mass resonances refer to those that decay into W bosons which then decay into Leptons. A signal hypothesis that weighs 650 GeV is considered the highest deviation. It has a global significance and local significance of 2.5s. When looking for heavy particles which decay into a pair WW or WZ of bosons, the data diverge in two areas. These bosons decay into pairs or jets. The signal hypothesis could be either a 2.1- or 2.9% TeV W’ boson, which then decays into a pair of WZ couples. The local significance is highest at 3.6s and the global significance is at 2.3%.

Another result was obtained by searching for Higgs boson particles converting into tau pairs. Data shows that there is a slight excess for a new particle of 100 GeV Mass. It has a global significance of 3.1s to 2.7s. This excess coincides with the one Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) saw in a prior search to find low-mass resonances for the two-photon final state. It is pretty interesting. Another example is high-mass. This excess has the largest deviation from the expectation of a mass of 1.25 TeV, and a global (locally) significance of 2.28s.

The final state of the tau pair was used to search for new particles called leptoquarks. This is important because the LHCb experiment revealed flavor anomalies. This would allow us to see the anomalies from a new perspective if indeed they are the manifestations of new phenomena. Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) has not been found excessive, but analysis of leptoquark parameters is just beginning to reveal the possible explanations for flavor anomalies. Further data are needed to confirm the leptoquark hypothesis.

LHC will be starting a new data-taking period in July with a higher energy level and upgraded detectors. This new stream of data will support searches for new phenomena

Germany must decrease consumption of natural gas and increase coal-burning to fill gas storage facilities next winter, Robert Habeck, German Economy Minister, announced Sunday. This announcement comes as Germany moves away from lower Russian gas supplies.

Habeck stated that it is a critical situation. They are taking further steps to decrease consumption and strengthen their precautions. Gas consumption must drop further. However, more gas must be stored to prevent winter from getting really tight.

Germany relies majorly on Moscow’s gas for powering its houses and heavy industry. However, it has been able to reduce Moscow’s imports to 35% which was 55% prior to the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine War.

Habeck stated that supply security is currently assured despite a “worsened market situation” in the gas markets in recent times. Habeck stated that soaring prices were Putin’s strategy to “unsettle us”, drive up costs, and divide us.”

He said that they won’t allow that and are decisively fighting back. He stated further that they are doing so thoughtfully and precisely.

Germany is planning to end energy production that is coal-fueled. However, Habeck, in the center-left coalition, announced that it would return to power plants that are coal-fired, reducing the consumption of gas for the production of electricity.

They have a substitute reserve that they will call upon, Habeck stated. He said that although it is bitter, it is quite essential in this kind of situation to lessen gas usage.

Rules for Storing Gas

As per the press release, Habeck’s ministry has begun to prepare an auction model of gas in encouraging industrial gas consumers to conserve gas. Habeck stated that industry was key to reducing gas consumption.

German legislators passed a gas storage law in March. It stipulates that storage facilities for the gas should be nearly full during the initial period of the heating to ensure winter safety.

According to law, the following are the minimum filling levels: Storage facilities must be full by October 1, November 1, 90, and February 1, still 40 percent.

Germany’s Gas storage tanks are currently at 56%. This is despite storage levels being at an all-time low at the start of the year.

We must, and will, do all we can in order to store as many gases as possible during the summer and fall. Storage facilities of gas should be fully stocked for winter. This is our utmost priority, Habeck stated.

Putin threatened in March, to reduce gas deliveries in “unfriendly” nations that denied to pay in rubles as an alternative to the dollars or euros stipulated in contracts.

Gazprom, Russia’s state energy giant, has provided customers with a solution since then. Customers could pay in dollars or euros to Russia’s Gazprombank. The bank would transform the funds into rubles, and then transfer the money to Russia.

However, several European companies including Shell Energy have not followed through, prompting Gazprom in June to cut off natural gas deliveries to Shell’s German customers.

The flow was cut through Gazprom’s Nord Stream 1 pipeline which is a major route linking Russia’s gas and Germany – for the additional consecutive day on Thursday. This sent prices skyrocketing.

The energy giant of Russia stated it cut gas deliveries due to delays by Siemens Energy in returning of turbines that needed repairing.

Siemens had taken the turbines from its Canadian factory for maintenance. He said on Tuesday, that it was not possible to return their equipment back to Russia due to sanctions Canada imposed on the country after its attack on Ukraine.

Habeck responded to Gazprom’s announcement by saying that the reason for announcing further cuts in gas supply to Europe was just an excuse to increase prices.

Particle physicists wowed the globe a decade ago. The Higgs boson, a massive, transient particle essential to their enigmatic explanation of how other fundamental particles acquire their mass, was discovered on July 4, 2012, according to 6000 researchers working with the largest atom-smashing machine in the world, the Large Hadron Collider, at the European particle physics laboratory. The discovery propelled scientists into the public eye, finalized the standard model theory, and confirmed a 45-year-old forecast.

Then there was the extended hangover. Physicists were concerned that the 27-kilometer-long ring-shaped Large Hadron Collider (LHC), which began collecting data in 2010, would only create the Higgs and nothing else, giving no clue as to what lay beyond the standard model. So far, the worst-case scenario has come to pass. Barry Barish, a physicist at the California Institute of Technology, admits, “It’s a little disheartening.” “I thought we’d find supersymmetry,” says the standard model’s leading extension.

Many physicists believe it is too early to be depressed. After three years of modifications, the Large hadron collider is finally ready for the three of five scheduled runs, and among the billions of proton-proton collisions it will generate every second, a new particle could emerge. In reality, the Large hadron collider should be able to run for another sixteen years and collect 16 times as much data as it already does with subsequent upgrades. All of these data could point to the presence of new particles and phenomena.

However, some physicists believe that collider physics is doomed. “If they don’t find anything, this field will die,” Juan Collar, a physicist at the University of Chicago who searches for dark matter in smaller experiments, says. Expectations of an immediate breakthrough have given way to the prospect of a long, uncertain journey toward discovery, according to John Ellis, a theorist at King’s College London. “It’ll be like extracting teeth rather than teeth coming out.”

The standard model has been battling with physicists since the 1970s. Ordinary matter, according to this theory, is made up of lightweight particles called up quarks and down quarks, which connect in trios to form protons and neutrons, as well as electrons and featherweight particles known as electron neutrinos. In particle collisions, two sets of heavier particles linger in the vacuum, waiting to be shot into life. The photon carries the electromagnetic force, the strong force binds quarks via the gluon, and the weak force is carried by the hefty W and Z bosons.

Everything scientists have seen at particle colliders so far is described by the standard model. It cannot, however, be the final hypothesis of nature. It excludes the force of gravity, as well as unexplained, unseen dark matter, which appears to outnumber regular matter six to one in the cosmos.

That was supposed to be broken by the LHC. The LHC is able to create particles that are too large to be created anywhere else because the protons in its ring clash at an energy that are roughly seven times higher than at any previous collider. Many physicists imagined finding new force-carrying particles or perhaps mini–black holes in a matter of years a decade ago. “In supersymmetric particles, one would drown,” says Beate Heinemann, director of particle physics at DESY in Germany. Physicists thought that finding the Higgs boson would take longer.

Instead, the Higgs was discovered in just three years, thanks to the fact that it is less massive than many scientists thought, weighing roughly 133 times the mass of a proton, making it easier to make. No other new particle has been discovered in the ten years since that ground-breaking discovery.

NASA has announced that two astronauts from International Space Station (ISS), will perform a spacewalk outside of the station in a new development. This spacewalk will be used to prepare hardware for new solar panels that will be installed as part of the ongoing power system upgrade at the Hubble Telescope. This article will provide all the details about the spacewalk. NASA will also live stream the event online.

International Space Station (ISS) running, NASA will be bolstering its power upgrade program with the help of two astronomers. They will be performing a spacewalk on Wednesday in order to replace an external battery charger. This upgrade is necessary due to the age of the ISS and the growing demand for power from the various modules.

Two NASA astronauts will conduct the spacewalk from the ISS on Tuesday. Kayla Barron, Raja Chari, and others will participate in the U.S. EVA number 79 spacewalk. They will continue to work on improving the station’s power systems. NASA has informed that the spacewalk will take place over six hours.

What does this mean for the station?

NASA has announced that it will be bolstering the International Space Station’s power upgrade program with the addition of two new astronauts. These astronauts, Drew Feustel and Ricky Arnold will perform a spacewalk on Wednesday in order to help install additional batteries and cables. The station currently relies on solar power for energy, but these upgrades will help to ensure that the station can continue to operate safely and effectively into the future. This is good news for the station, as it means that its power supply will be improved and its functionality increased.

What can you expect from the spacewalk? How do you live to stream it?

They will be installing brackets, struts, and other components to allow for future solar arrays to be added outside the space station. NASA TV will live to stream Tuesday’s spacewalk. NASA TV will stream the entire spacewalk live from your home. You can also watch the embedded video by going to the NASA website. NASA has set the spacewalk for March 15th at 4:00 p.m. IST (3:30 a.m. PT). The spacewalk will begin at 8:05 AM. ET (8:35 p.m IST)

This power upgrade is sorely needed; the ISS has been in operation since 1998, and its power systems are starting to show their age. The new batteries and wiring will help to improve the station’s energy efficiency, as well as its overall performance. In addition, this upgrade will help prepare the ISS for future missions, including crewed flights to Mars.

When will the spacewalk take place?

The two astronauts, Peggy Whitson and Jack Fischer will perform the spacewalk outside the ISS on Wednesday. This is a major milestone in NASA’s efforts to upgrade the power system on the ISS. The astronauts will replace an obsolete power control unit with a new one, and they will also install a new adapter cable. This spacewalk is expected to last for about six hours.

NASA’s Curiosity Rover captured a close-up photo of a small, flower-like mineral deposit that is located on Mars. The image of the mineral flower was taken by the Curiosity rover. It bears some resemblances to living organisms. It isn’t alive, however. Curiosity Rover captured this image near the AeolisMons (Mount Sharp), a martian mountain that forms the central peak of the Gale crater. The above was taken on February 25, 2022. You can find the official release here.

NASA’s Curiosity rover has photographed a Martian surface rock that appears to be flower-like. The image was taken on January 5, 2019, and was shared by the rover’s Twitter account. The rock is about 2 inches wide and is located in the “Rocknest” area of Gale Crater. This is not the first time that a flower-like rock has been spotted on Mars; in 2012, the Opportunity rover photographed a rock nicknamed ” jellyfish.

In a recently released photograph by NASA’s Curiosity Rover, a small, flower-like rock can be seen on the Martian surface. The rock is only about 6 inches wide and is located in the Marias Pass region of M. Initial speculation is that the rock may have been formed by an ancient riverbed, as the Marias Pass region is known to have been very watery in the past.

Curiosity Rover:

Curiosity launched on Nov. 26, 2011, and landed in Gale Crater, on Aug. 6, 2012. It continues to explore the Martian surface and provide valuable information to researchers. Curiosity has spent more than 2,800 Sols (Martian days) on Mars, taken over 700,000 raw photos, and covered 14 miles of the planet’s surface. Curiosity has a radioisotope energy system. This system generates electricity from the radioactive decay heat of plutonium.

NASA states that this power source has outlived its operational life expectancy of at least one Martian-year or 687 Earth days. Curiosity’s eight-year tenure on Mars is proof of its design.

NASA’s Curiosity rover has photographed a strange, flower-like rock on the Martian surface. The rover’s Mastcam took the photograph of the rock on January 24, 2019. The rock is about 2 feet wide and has delicate petals that curve inward. Scientists are still trying to figure out what the rock is and how it formed. Scientists believe that the rock may have been formed by an ancient river or stream.

NASA’s Curiosity rover has photographed a Martian surface rock that has been interpreted as looking like a flower. This latest discovery is just one more exciting example of the many wonders that continue to be uncovered by the rover as it roams across the Martian surface. The images of the flower-like rock were taken on March 18, 2015, and were subsequently published online by NASA on April 6, 2015.

Would you trust your doctor’s prescriptions to be objective if they worked for a pharmaceutical company? As a result of a series of prescription drug scandals, this question has become more prevalent in the medical community.

An analogous relationship is possible in the agriculture industry. Many of the “prescriptions” that agricultural advisors must sign for chemical pesticides or other products are signed by the same companies that produce and sell them.

Advisors and farmers are often in a mutually beneficial relationship. This relationship can lead to tension as farmers may question advisors’ motives. Advisors then have to debate with farmers about the best course of action. Both are not necessarily to blame. The system is the problem.

Some countries, like France, have taken steps to separate the advisor from the agrichemical business, but there is little talk about that happening in North America. There is a way to strengthen and repair these relationships without additional regulation.

We are seeing an important side effect as agriculture integrates technology and enhanced analytics. Independent technology companies have been collecting farm data which is helping farmers to see eye-to-eye.

Good intentions. Bad optics

Let me start by saying that there are many amazing agricultural advisors, and most of them play an essential role in the lives of farmers.

Advisors can be divided into three categories: Independent advisors who are independent and own their own businesses as well as in-house advisors who work on behalf of the farm.

The advisor is often included in a package when a farmer buys seeds or chemicals from a retailer. Many farmers appreciate the advice. These advisors are often called upon by farmers to obtain prescriptions for pesticides.

This relationship works well for many. Farmers swear by their advisors, which I have seen. There is also the risk of subtle misalignment between agendas, which can lead to unintended consequences, such as overspray. A survey of 540 advisors found that those associated with chemical companies were less likely to recommend lower pesticide doses. Overspray can lead to a cascading effect, from possible environmental damage to increased resistance and unneeded costs for farmers.

Instead of blaming anyone, it’s important to point out what is missing in the equation: reliable data that can be used to make collaborative decisions.

Advisors are able to bring years of experience and extensive training into the field. Farmers, on the other hand, are able to see and sense their field’s challenges and conditions better than anyone. The only thing that is lacking is an objective source of truth on which to base your decisions.

It doesn’t have that way.